Levels of Indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in Public High Schools in Kuwait

Abstract Growing evidence suggests that rapid population growth, urban and industrial expansion, and advancements in various social sectors have led to increased levels of air pollution. The Environment Public Authority in Kuwait has reported that both natural sources, such as dust storms, and anthropogenic sources, such as vehicular emissions, have contributed to this rise in pollution, which can result in severe health issues, including cancer and respiratory diseases. This study evaluated indoor air quality in four public high schools across different governorates in Kuwait over 3 weeks by using AirVisual Pro devices to measure particulate matter (PM), specifically PM 2.5 and PM 10 . The results were compared to the standards and recommendations set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. The findings reveal that indoor levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Kuwaiti public high schools are notably higher than international levels. This study underscores the necessity for interventions to improve indoor air quality in schools and other indoor settings throughout Kuwait. This study assessed indoor PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels in four public high schools across Kuwait and examined factors such as school location, proximity to roads, and pollution sources. Mubarak Al-Kabeer showed the highest PM 2.5 levels (35.69 µg/m 3 ), while Hawalli had the highest PM 10 levels (66.18 µg/m 3 ), mainly due to industrial and traffic emissions. Afternoon peaks were linked to reduced wind dispersion and increased human activity. Graphical abstract