Lead-free perovskites and derivatives for photogeneration: a roadmap to sustainable approaches for photovoltaics and photo(electro)catalysis
Abstract This roadmap provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in lead-free perovskite materials for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical /photocatalytic applications. It highlights the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions, emphasizing the role of lead-free perovskites in addressing challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and efficiency. The roadmap is designed to guide the reader from application-driven perspectives to fundamental materials insights, characterization techniques, fabrication strategies and overreaching sustainability considerations. The document explores key material families, including tin-, bismuth-, antimony-, and copper-based perovskites, detailing their optoelectronic properties, fabrication techniques, and application potential. Special attention is given to advanced characterization methods, green processing strategies, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for material design and optimization and lifecycle impact assessments to ensure environmental sustainability. By bringing together insights from global research communities, this roadmap serves as a strategic guide for advancing lead-free perovskite technology, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and accelerating the transition to next-generation solar energy solutions.
Authors
- Francesco Lamberti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-8038)
- Simone Meloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3925-3799)
- Francesca De Rossi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6591-5928)
- Salvador Eslava (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2416-3205)
- Luigi Angelo Castriotta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2525-8852)
- Alessandro Mattoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-6557)
- Kassio P. S. Zanoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-6126)
- Ribhu Bhatia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6870-0762)
- Lorenzo Malavasi
- Tom Aernouts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-6080)
- Isabella Poli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-8039)
- Enrico Della Gaspera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-5893)
- Teresa Gatti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-8055)
- Sudhanshu Shukla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-6963)
- Nakita K. Noel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-479X)
- Paola Vivo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2872-6922)
- C. Maurizio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-1314)
- Jenny Baker
- Dhiman Kalita (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3991-1317)
- Krishnaiah Mokurala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9258-2607)
- Rosario Vidal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-0620)
- Yan Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7519-7605)
- Paola Ragonese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1164-2837)
- Jay B. Patel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-1232)
- Edoardo Mosconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-6664)
- Marcello Righetto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-1445)
- Monica Morales‐Masis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-6839)
- Joel van Embden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-9454)
- Sandheep Ravishankar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-0159)
- Michele Sessolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-3005)
- Antonio Agresti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-0387)
- G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-8223)
- Simone Argiolas
Institutions
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- Xi'an Shiyou University (CN)
- King's College London (GB)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Parc Científic de la Universitat de València (ES)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IT)
- Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IN)
- IMEC (BE)
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (IT)
- Tampere University (FI)
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (IT)
- Zhejiang Medicine (China) (CN)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Bath (GB)
- RMIT University (AU)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Hasselt University (BE)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (IN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Physics Energy
- Published
- 2025-11-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ae2540
- Primary Topic
- Perovskite Materials and Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Politecnico di Torino
- European Commission
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- RMIT University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Generalitat Valenciana
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- China Scholarship Council
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Interreg