Considering the invisible in architecture: The contribution of traditional architecture to the study of pre-Hispanic mounds in the north-Andean region of Ecuador

Earthen construction in the north-Andean region of Ecuador reflects an ancient tradition that includes different techniques such as adobe, rammed earth, cob, turf blocks, and bareque . The latter, a wattle-and-daub technique using wooden or bamboo frameworks, is underdocumented, despite its frequent mention in ethnohistorical accounts of vernacular and pre-Hispanic architecture. Today, bareque is rapidly disappearing from the regional landscape. Our ethnoarchaeological research highlights continuities between traditional and pre-Hispanic construction while exposing significant gaps in the archaeological record, particularly regarding domestic and monumental structures. By documenting preserved examples, this study develops a preliminary construction model that reveals the technical complexity and specialized knowledge embedded in these practices. It also raises key questions concerning building techniques, landscape use, labor investment, temporal frameworks, and the preservation of archaeological contexts and structures. The findings emphasize the importance of systematically studying traditional construction to enhance interpretation and conservation of architectural remains. More broadly, this work contributes to rethinking archaeological and ethnoarchaeological approaches in post-colonial contexts. It advocates interdisciplinary and participatory strategies that promote ancestral knowledge while strengthening local awareness of heritage valorization and the preservation of traditional architectural heritage. • Traditional bareque and thatched-roof architecture is rapidly disappearing in Ecuador. • A construction model was developed based on documented practices and local testimonies. • The chaîne opératoire approach helps analyze past architectural choices. • Similarities are observed between traditional and pre-Hispanic construction techniques. • Ethnoarchaeology sheds light on the transmission and preservation of earthen architecture.