Photobiomodulation in dentistry: Mechanisms, clinical applications and evidence-based guidelines

Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), utilizes red and near-infrared light to activate mitochondrial chromophores, thereby enhancing cellular activity, modulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair. Therefore, it is of interest to the mechanistic pathways of PBM, including mitochondrial stimulation, cytokine regulation and growth factor induction. Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in managing oral mucositis, temporomandibular disorders, periodontitis, postoperative endodontic pain, implant stability and orthodontic treatment outcomes.