Synergistic Strategy Against the Effects of Climate Change Using Non-Positioned Vegetation Training Systems and the Application of Kaolin in a Vineyard in a Semi-Arid Climate: Agronomic and Oenological Effects

Climate change poses a major challenge for Mediterranean viticulture by accelerating ripening and reducing grape yield and quality. This study evaluated the synergistic effect of two adaptation strategies—non-positioned vegetation training (Sprawl) and foliar kaolin application—on the agronomic and oenological performance of Syrah cv. under semi-arid conditions over two consecutive seasons. Agronomic traits, bunch microclimate, and volatile composition of wines were determined. The combination of Sprawl and kaolin reduced bunch temperature by up to 2 °C, improved vine balance, and maintained optimal acidity and colour intensity. Wines from this treatment exhibited higher concentrations of esters and terpenes, generating more pronounced fruity, floral, and citrus aromas. Multivariate analysis of aroma series revealed clear differences between treatments and vintages, with 2025 showing stronger aromatic distinctions. Heatmap clustering confirmed that vintage was the main differentiating factor, followed by training system. These findings highlight the potential of integrating simple canopy management with reflective particle films to improve grape and wine quality under future Mediterranean conditions.