Bioinspired Water Technologies: A Systematic Review of Biopolymers for Clean Water and Sanitation

Water contamination poses a critical threat to global freshwater resources, requiring innovative and sustainable solutions. This systematic review focuses on bioinspired molecules, particularly polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, tree gums, and alginate, as well as biomass-derived materials (biochar and lignin), due to their high potential in water treatment. These materials exhibit high efficacy in adsorbing pollutants like heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants. They offer advantages such as biodegradability, low cost, and eco-friendliness. However, their scalability and industrial application have significant challenges, including mechanical strength, production inefficiencies, and environmental safety concerns. This review critically evaluates the current state of bioinspired technologies, emphasizing the need for targeted research in surface modification, hybrid material development, and sustainable production methods to overcome these barriers. It also highlights the necessity of integrating life cycle and techno-economic assessments to ensure commercial viability. A forward-looking chart is proposed to guide future advancements, prioritizing circular economy principles, advanced manufacturing techniques, and policy frameworks to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and real-world implementation. By addressing these challenges, bioinspired molecules can revolutionize water purification, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6 to ensure universal access to clean water.