Developing low-cost rechargeable batteries: beyond traditional layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion and beyond Li-ion batteries

The rising demand for energy storage systems, driven by the rapid adoption of electric vehicles and the global shift toward renewable energy, necessitates continuous efforts to lower the cost of current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and enhance the sustainability of existing battery chemistries. This feature article examines the key challenges associated with Ni- and Co-containing LIB cathodes and compares advancements in cathode development for non-traditional Li-ion and beyond Li-ion chemistries. First, a review of earth-abundant element containing disordered rock-salt cathodes is presented, with a discussion of key strategies such as compositional tuning and carbon coating to improve their electrochemical performance. Hurdles in developing oxide-based cathodes for Na- and K-ion batteries are also highlighted, followed by an in-depth overview of polyanion and Prussian blue cathodes for Na- and K-ion systems. Overall, this article provides a systematic perspective on the design of earth-abundant, low-cost, and sustainable cathode materials for both LIB and beyond LIB technologies.