Survey of World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists Fellowship Graduates: Applying a Theory-Driven Framework to Assess Training Outcomes

WFSA-supported fellowship programs were viewed favorably by graduates across all 5 levels of Guskey's framework. The most frequently cited challenge was the transfer of skills and knowledge to home institutions, often due to contextual disparities between well-resourced training centers and under-resourced home environments. These barriers were most pronounced among fellows returning to the most resource-constrained settings. Addressing these barriers-particularly for fellows from the most under-resourced settings should be a priority for further program investment. Despite these limitations, most participants reported contributing to improved clinical service delivery-often beyond their individual practice-supporting the program's goal of developing subspeciality leadership in anesthesiology.