Quality of life and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in East Bolaang Mongondow, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

Longer disease duration, older age (≥50 years), unemployment, moderate anxiety, and insulin therapy were significantly associated with lower QoL among T2DM patients. These findings emphasize the need for integrated care strategies combining educational, psychosocial, and socioeconomic interventions. Nursing practice should prioritize holistic, patient-centered approaches incorporating psychological support, individualized education, and social empowerment.