From Autologous Bone Tissue to Bioengineered Material Solutions in Post-Traumatic Orbital Wall Reconstruction: An Overview

Orbital wall fractures are a common consequence of trauma-related craniofacial injuries. Multistage treatment and poor functional and aesthetic results render the reconstruction of an orbit extremely challenging. Advances in surgical technologies, imaging software, and biomaterials have continuously improved outcomes. The choice of materials plays a critical role in patient outcomes. Over time, the type of material involved advanced from autografts (autologous tissues such as bone grafts and muscle flaps) to allografts (metals, ceramics, plastic materials, or combinations of these materials). In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific insights, including the advantages and disadvantages of each material used in terms of stability, cost, safety, biocompatibility, durability, and intraoperative readiness. Bioengineered solutions seem to be the future of orbital wall reconstruction; both material and technological innovations hold promise for further advancements.