Effects of continuous cropping on soil metabolomics and rhizosphere bacterial communities in Panax quinquefolius L.

<i>P. quinquefolius</i> CCOs significantly alter soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and metabolite profiles, leading to reduced soil fertility and increased prevalence of soil-borne diseases. Future research should focus on exploring sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation and soil amendments, to mitigate these adverse effects and improve the long-term viability of <i>P. quinquefolius</i> cultivation.