Advances in analytical techniques for phytochemical identification and quality control: A comprehensive review

Phytochemistry, the study of plant chemicals, has been a longstanding tradition since ancient times, when plants were used as medicines. Early scientists, such as Dioscorides and Theophrastus, made significant contributions to its development and in the 20th century, the introduction of advanced technologies led to substantial progress in this field. Herbal medicine has gained popularity following the advent of technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which enable the identification and characterization of bioactive ingredients or phytochemicals. Scientific study is crucial for the authenticity, purity and efficacy of herbal medicines, particularly in light of the growing global demand for them. Herbal medication development follows standardized processes and principles, from plant identification to pharmacological testing. Quality control entails a thorough evaluation that includes identity, validity, physical and chemical characteristics, detection of adulterants and detection of contamination. The World Health Organisation (WHO) and Pharmacopoeias contribute to global standards for herbal drugs, where novel and emerging tools, such as: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) barcoding and several other advanced techniques, aid in the process. This paper focuses on highlighting some of these contemporary analytical procedures that enable researchers to meet the professional requirements for developing herbal medications. Modern quality control in phytochemistry employs advanced methods, including thermal and chromatographic analysis. These techniques help identify plant chemicals more accurately, making it easier to develop and deliver effective medicines. This paper also provides practical insights for professionals in industries related to herbal medicines, natural products and manufacturers of phytochemical-based products, helping them stay informed about the latest technologies. Moreover, it will help develop guidelines and standards for the quality control and safety assessment of phytochemicals, supporting policymakers and regulatory bodies in making informed and updated decisions regarding the use and marketing of phytochemical products.