Toward Net Zero Emissions: Sustainable Design of a Supply Chain for the Revalorization of CO ₂ in Mexico

Electricity generation is a significant source of global CO2 emissions, accounting for around 40% of total emissions. This paper presents a sustainable supply chain model aimed at capturing and revalorizing CO2 emissions from fossil-fueled power plants in Mexico, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The model incorporates early CO2 capture technologies, like amines, and more advanced technologies, like deep eutectic solvents (DES), and identifies key markets for valorization, including methanol production, urea synthesis, fuel generation, and enhanced oil recovery. Formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, the model seeks to maximize net profit and job creation while minimizing environmental impact. Two critical metrics analyzed are total social welfare (TSW) and net emissions balance. The optimal solution yields a profit of USD 179.35 per ton of captured CO2, an environmental impact score of 71.57 points per ton, and a net negative emissions balance of −0.19 tons of CO2 per ton captured. Additionally, it creates over 55,000 jobs annually and achieves a TSW score of 10.63, meeting about 75% of market demand. This research underscores the potential of CO2 capture and revalorization in promoting economic growth and environmental sustainability. Further research is needed to enhance market satisfaction and scalability.