Hydrogen: Challenges and Opportunities for Storage and Transportation in the Clean Energy Economy

As a sustainable and clean energy source, hydrogen is gaining global recognition as a promising alternative to fossil fuels in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Its high energy density, versatility, and compatibility with renewable energy sources make it an attractive option for power generation, transportation, and industrial decarbonization. However, significant challenges hinder its widespread adoption, particularly in storage and transportation. Due to its low volumetric energy density, hydrogen requires advanced storage solutions such as chemical carriers, metal hydrides, compressed gas, and liquid hydrogen, each presenting unique financial and technological challenges. Additionally, transportation infrastructure-including pipelines and hydrogen carriers-must be further developed to enhance efficiency, improve safety, and minimize energy losses. Overcoming these challenges is essential to establishing a global hydrogen economy. Advancements in cost reduction, infrastructure development, and innovative storage materials are key to making hydrogen a viable mainstream energy source. This review highlights the critical barriers to hydrogen storage and transportation, while emphasizing the importance of continuous research, technological innovation, and supportive policies in accelerating the adoption of hydrogen for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.