A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors of prostate cancer in Nigeria

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide, with significant regional variations in prevalence and risk factors. In Nigeria, data on prostate cancer prevalence remain inconsistent due to limited screening and reporting systems. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise available evidence on the prevalence and associated risk factors of prostate cancer among Nigerian men. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Medline, and CINAHL was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis [PRISMA] guidelines. Six high-quality observational studies involving a total sample size of 9,659 men were included. Data were extracted and analysed using a random-effects meta-analysis model using Review Manager software 5.4.1. Risk of bias was assessed using the CASP checklist for observational studies. The pooled prevalence of prostate cancer in Nigeria was low but highly heterogeneous across studies (OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.12], p = 0.0006; I² = 100%). Community-based screenings and autopsy studies reported lower prevalence rates compared to hospital-based studies. Age and genetic predisposition were consistent primary risk factors, with lifestyle factors, family history, and delayed healthcare access contributing to advanced disease stages. This meta-analysis found a low but variable prevalence of prostate cancer in Nigeria, driven by differences in screening access and late-stage diagnosis. Age and genetic predisposition were consistent risk factors, alongside modifiable factors such as lifestyle and delayed healthcare seeking. The findings emphasise the need for improved national screening, strengthened cancer registries, genetic counselling, and public health education to reduce the burden of prostate cancer among Nigerian men.