<i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> : a paradigm for One Health pathogen dynamics across humans, animals, and the environment

The <i>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</i> species complex (FIESC) is a significant plant pathogen affecting a wide range of crops, leading to substantial agricultural losses worldwide. In this study, we report that <i>Fusarium</i> isolates belonging to <i>F. pernambucanum</i> and <i>F</i>. <i>irregulare</i> obtained from various sources, including respiratory specimens from human, cat, rabbit, and turtle, along with plant samples from muskmelon fruits, represent newly identified pathogens in Taiwan. Our findings suggest that these isolates possess the potential for cross-infection among plants, animals, and humans, underscoring their importance in both agricultural and medical contexts. Notably, the plant isolates PLMF1 and BDMF7 demonstrate the ability to transition from plant pathogens to zoonotic pathogens, highlighting a concerning adaptability.