What factors truly drive crop virtual water trade? A systematic literature review

Abstract This study presents a systematic review of 73 articles on agricultural virtual water trade (AVWT) using the PRISMA guidelines, focussing on the key themes and factors that shape research in this area. The findings show that motor themes, including economics and water management are developed, driving this field by connecting to broader research contexts. Basic themes, including food security and water footprint, are fundamental and relevant but remain underdeveloped, indicating opportunities for further exploration. Niche themes, such as export and import dynamics, are internally developed but have limited broader relevance, reflecting their specialised nature. Declining themes, like green water, exhibit weak development and peripheral relevance, representing areas of fluctuating research interest. Furthermore, socio-economic factors often outweigh water scarcity in shaping AVWT patterns. This study suggests integrating water-efficient technologies and virtual water content into trade agreements. Practical implications for policymakers include adopting strategies that align agricultural trade with local water availability. Socially, this review underscores the need for policies addressing equitable resource distribution. This work contributes original insights by mapping research themes and providing actionable recommendations for sustainable water management in agriculture. Future research should explore grey literature to capture broader influences on AVWT.