Advancements in Fabrication Techniques and their Impact on the Properties of Titanium-Based Medium Entropy Alloys for Extreme Environment Applications: A Review

Abstract Titanium-based medium entropy alloys (MEAs) have emerged as a promising class of materials for high-temperature applications because of their distinct combination of superior mechanical characteristics, oxidation resistance, and thermal stability. This review explores the fabrication techniques, microstructural features and mechanical performance of titanium-based MEAs, highlighting their potential in industries such as energy, automotive, and aerospace. Alloying elements are discussed in terms of their influence on the mechanical strength, creep resistance, and phase stability of these alloys. The review also examines the role of various fabrication methods, including arc melting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and mechanical alloying, in tailoring the microstructure and enhancing the performance of titanium-based MEAs. Challenges in fabricating titanium-based MEAs. Furthermore, the review highlights emerging trends in MEA research, including alloy optimization, surface modification strategies, and the integration of computational modelling and machine learning. Despite the promising advantages, significant research is required to overcome the current limitations and further enhance the performance and sustainability of titanium-based MEAs for high-temperature applications.