Ethnolinguistic identity at risk: Mother tongue practices among internally migrant Maithili families in Nepal

Aims and objectives: This study highlights the general socio-linguistic situation of Nepal and discusses the structural reformation of languages in education policies. It critically examines their effects on the use and perception of minority mother tongues within internally migrated Maithili families. Methodology: The research employed a qualitative approach. The participants were selected based on purposive sampling. Data and analysis: Data for this research were collected using questionnaires, observations, note-taking and semi-structured interviews. The study analysed the complexities of language planning, perceptions of the mother tongue and the reality of the language policies and practices of migrated Maithili families, through an in-depth case study of migrant Maithili families, along with semi-structured interviews conducted with Maithili teachers, students and parents. Findings and conclusions: The results indicated that the development of the mother tongue at the policy level holds a ‘Positive’ cognition, whereas the practical reality of the mother tongue holds a ‘Negative’ cognition. Originality: This paper offers a unique insight into the multilingual landscape, including the national language, mother tongue and international language. This research is based on actual, observed linguistic interactions along with a critical review of promulgated language policies. Significance/implications: This research adopted an interdisciplinary approach to explore the practicality of current language practices. This report critically reviewed the formulation of minority language policies and their implementation in everyday language use at the local level within a multilingual context. Furthermore, it explored perceptions related to language, particularly the mother tongue, highlighting the need to reassess the complex ethnolinguistic dynamics of minority groups in Nepal.