Fractal analysis of retinal microvasculature and cardiovascular outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The decreased retinal microvascular FD was significantly associated with the CVD risk, especially in retinal arteriole. The findings of this study supported that FD may be a potential marker of CVD risk including stroke and coronary heart disease. Noninvasive FD measurement may act as an adjunct to existing CVD risk stratification, facilitating early screening and diagnosis of individuals at elevated CVD risk.