Multidisciplinary management of intravenous leiomyomatosis extending to the inferior vena cava and heart: a case series

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) with inferior vena cava or intracardiac extension is complex and requires multidisciplinary management.Computed Tomography venography effectively delineates intravascular lesions, and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography provides real-time monitoring. Complete tumor resection and oophorectomy are critical for preventing recurrence, but even with these, there is still a high rate of recurrence, and most of the recurrence requires another surgery.