Ancient DNA from Shimao city records kinship practices in Neolithic China
The discovery of Shimao city (around 2300-1800 BCE<sup>1</sup>), a premier state-level Neolithic fortified settlement in Shaanxi, China<sup>2</sup>, played an important role in helping us understand the emergence of socially stratified urban societies. However, key questions remain regarding how ancestry and kinship shaped the hierarchy of this class-based society characterized by human sacrifice. The origin of the founding populations of Shimao and other Loess Plateau settlements, and their interactions within the broader ancestral landscape, have yet to be determined. Here we present, by sequencing 144 ancient genomes from Shimao city and its satellites, pedigrees among tomb owners spanning up to four generations. These findings reveal a predominantly patrilineal descent structure across Shimao communities, and possibly sex-specific sacrificial rituals. We also characterize the population history, revealing that Shimao culture-related populations originated mostly from a Yangshao culture-related population present at least 1,000 years earlier, and the lasting inflow of Yumin-related populations from Inner Mongolia did not interrupt regional genetic continuity. Broader genetic influence from southern mainland ancestry over Shimao culture-related populations supports evidence of rice farming expanding further north than previously expected. Together, these results uncover fine details of the regional peopling and social structure of early state establishment.
Authors
- Qingyan Dai
- Tingwu Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5105-9459)
- Jiayang Xue
- Fan Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-366X)
- Jing Shao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-6744)
- Jacob D. Gardner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5790-632X)
- Qiaomei Fu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-0002)
- Liang Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-7920)
- Peng Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2044-3074)
- Nan Di
- Qian Han (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9100)
- Xuesong Pei
- Xiaohong Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-0829)
- Feng Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4177-9845)
- Lizhao Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6983-8053)
- E. Andrew Bennett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-0711)
- Xiaotian Feng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4893-2942)
- Wanjing Ping (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-0673)
- Wenjun Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-2008)
- Zehui Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-5653)
- Zhouyong Sun
- Xiaoning Guo
- Xiaowei Mao
- Nu He
- Han Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5280-2944)
- Xiangming Dai
Institutions
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Northwest University (CN)
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (CN)
- Institute of Paleoprimatology Human Paleontology Evolution and Paleoenvironments (FR)
- Institute of Archaeology (CN)
- Shaanxi History Museum (CN)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Capital Normal University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-11-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09799-x
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Forensic and Genetic Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.63