Rainbow subgraphs of uniformly coloured randomly perturbed graphs

For a given <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the randomly perturbed graph model is defined as the union of any <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> with minimum degree <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the binomial random graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> on the same vertex set. Moreover, we say that a graph is uniformly coloured with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>𝒞</mml:mi> </mml:math> if each edge is coloured independently and uniformly at random with a colour from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>𝒞</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Based on a coupling idea of McDiarmid, we provide a general tool to tackle problems concerning finding a rainbow copy of a graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in a uniformly coloured perturbed <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . For example, our machinery easily allows to recover a result of Aigner-Horev and Hefetz concerning rainbow Hamilton cycles, and to improve a result of Aigner-Horev, Hefetz and Lahiri concerning rainbow bounded-degree spanning trees. Furthermore, using different methods, we prove that for any <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and integer <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , there exists <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that the following holds. Let <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:math> be a tree on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> vertices with maximum degree at most <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> be an <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Then a uniformly coloured <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∪</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">G</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> contains a rainbow copy of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:math> with high probability. This is optimal both in terms of colours and edge probability (up to a constant factor).

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Journal
Innovations in Graph Theory
Published
2025-11-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5802/igt.12
Primary Topic
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
Type
article
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article

Rainbow subgraphs of uniformly coloured randomly perturbed graphs

Amedeo Sgueglia, Shoham Letzter, Kyriakos Katsamaktsis
Innovations in Graph Theory
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
article

Rainbow subgraphs of uniformly coloured randomly perturbed graphs

Amedeo Sgueglia, Shoham Letzter, Kyriakos Katsamaktsis
article en

Abstract

For a given <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the randomly perturbed graph model is defined as the union of any <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> with minimum degree <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the binomial random graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> on the same vertex set. Moreover, we say that a graph is uniformly coloured with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>𝒞</mml:mi> </mml:math> if each edge is coloured independently and uniformly at random with a colour from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>𝒞</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Based on a coupling idea of McDiarmid, we provide a general tool to tackle problems concerning finding a rainbow copy of a graph <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in a uniformly coloured perturbed <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . For example, our machinery easily allows to recover a result of Aigner-Horev and Hefetz concerning rainbow Hamilton cycles, and to improve a result of Aigner-Horev, Hefetz and Lahiri concerning rainbow bounded-degree spanning trees. Furthermore, using different methods, we prove that for any <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and integer <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , there exists <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that the following holds. Let <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:math> be a tree on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> vertices with maximum degree at most <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> be an <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> -vertex graph with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Then a uniformly coloured <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∪</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">G</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with colours in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> contains a rainbow copy of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:math> with high probability. This is optimal both in terms of colours and edge probability (up to a constant factor).

Innovations in Graph TheoryVol. 2
University of Passau (DE), University College London (GB)
University College London, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 58%
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
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