Modulating Schwann cell behavior via functional nerve guidance conduits for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injuries beyond 5 cm lack effective treatments. Functional nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have emerged as transformative tools orchestrating regeneration by leveraging Schwann cell (SC)-centric mechanisms. This review comprehensively analyzes how NGC designs modulate SC behavior through three synergistic axes: physical cues, biochemical signaling, and bioelectric regulation. By enhancing microenvironmental regulation, next-generation NGCs aim to surpass autograft efficacy, offering scalable solutions for functional nerve recovery and improved patient outcomes.