Biomechanical evaluation of three full-arch immediate loading protocols in the mandible via finite element analysis: All-on-4, Trefoil, and Five-implant design

Implant number and distribution significantly affect biomechanical behavior in immediate full-arch rehabilitation. The Five-Implant design offers biomechanical superiority in stress mitigation and bone-strain control, while Trefoil and All-on-4 configurations present design-dependent biomechanical challenges. Treatment planning considering anatomical limitations and functional loading conditions is essential to optimize clinical outcomes.