Biological function of astaxanthin and its application in aquatic animal feeding

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, is present in the shells of marine organisms and the tissues of fish, contributing to the characteristic reddish color of fresh fish due to its accumulation. It is primarily used as a natural pigment in aquatic organisms, with higher astaxanthin levels indicating superior quality in aquatic products. In aquaculture, astaxanthin enhances pigmentation, promotes growth and proliferation, improves immune function, and exhibits antioxidant properties. Its inclusion in feed can strengthen immunity and enhance the nutritional and commercial value of aquatic species. In medicine, astaxanthin is recognized for its antioxidant and immune-modulating properties. Additionally, it has been incorporated into cosmetics to mitigate allergic reactions induced by ultraviolet radiation, reduce radiation-induced damage, and provide antioxidative benefits.