Camel milk exosomes alleviate hyperglycemia by regulating the hepatic mitochondrial complex I activity, hepatic metabolome, and gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice

The role of camel milk exosomes (CM-exos) in regulating glucose metabolism in hepatocytes has been demonstrated; however, their therapeutic effects and mechanisms in diabetic mice remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of CM-exos on diabetic mice and unravel the underlying mechanism. The findings showed that CM-exos significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid metabolism, attenuated liver injury, increased liver glycogen content, and inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic mice. Furthermore, CM-exos restored the activity of mitochondrial complex I in the liver and regulated the liver metabolite levels and gut microbiota composition. In conclusion, the findings provide new evidence that CM-exos may be used as a promising functional food for the intervention of diabetes.