Lithium-ion battery ageing modeling: Towards physically consistent implementations of SEI growth, Lithium plating, and Cathode oxidation

Physics-based models of Lithium-ion batteries provide valuable insight into internal states and degradation processes. Although numerous ageing mechanisms have been proposed, their physical justification and consistent implementation remain insufficiently examined. In this work, we integrate commonly modelled ageing phenomena into a Doyle–Fuller–Newman framework and provide a unified, physics-based analysis of each. We show that the Tafel equation effectively represents Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase formation when the overpotential is correctly defined, resolving inconsistencies found in previous formulations. For Lithium plating, we analyse switching behaviours frequently employed with Butler–Volmer and Tafel kinetics and propose a more consistent, switch-free alternative. The model is further extended to include cathode oxidation, highlighting its significance for ageing-aware and fast-charging Battery-Management-System strategies. Simulation studies are presented for each individual ageing mechanism as well as for a combined model encompassing all phenomena, offering improved physical insight and a consistent foundation for future ageing model development. • Physics-based ageing battery model integrated into the Doyle–Fuller–Newman framework. • Detailed analysis on commonly implemented ageing phenomena of Lithium-ion batteries. • Consistent formulation of SEI growth. • Switch-free Butler–Volmer model proposed for lithium plating. • Cathode oxidation mechanism incorporated and analysed for fast-charging relevance.