A cost-effective mesocosm framework for reptile research: Design, validation, and practical insights

Mesocosms, outdoor replicated ecological experiments within a controlled environment, have become a valuable tool for investigating a broad range of ecological questions across various sub-disciplines. This study presents a medium-sized mesocosm system (MS) designed for individual-level responses to abiotic factors and basic intraspecific interactions in small ground-dwelling reptiles, offering a practical alternative to large-scale facilities for resource-limited settings. Unlike large-scale facilities that are ideal for meta-community dynamics but impractical due to high costs and complexity, this system targets research contexts with limited resources requiring replicated experimental units. To validate the MS design, 16 units were constructed using cost-effective, widely available materials and equipped with a programmable irrigation system. A pilot test using Podarcis bocagei lizards provided a preliminary biological evaluation of the design and its suitability in housing wild-caught medium-small reptiles under semi-natural conditions over 7 months. Despite minor maintenance, the MS was resilient to environmental conditions, warranting an expansion to 32 units in subsequent years. Most individuals maintained or recovered body mass during the activity season, and displayed natural behaviours such as basking and foraging. The system's modularity and adaptability offer a practical reference for ecological studies with similar constraints.