Determination of enzyme production in solution and spray-dried powder by entomopathogenic fungi and their application to control of <i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

A. gossypii Glover is a serious pest in vegetable plants and is typically controlled using chemicals that have a negative impact on the environment. Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) help control insect pests by secreting protease, lipase, and chitinase, which contribute to infection. The researchers employed a comparative method, observing the amount of enzyme produced by B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and P. fumosorosea in both liquid and spray-dried powders over 7, 14, and 21 days. The enzymatic activity was examined on selective media, and bioassays were done to evaluate the effectiveness of the fungi against A. gossypii. The maximum levels of protease and lipase were found in M. anisopliae at 14 days. Although spray drying reduced the level of enzyme activity, most of its functions remained unchanged. Similarly, the aphid mortality rate was highest after 14-day fungal treatment, and B. bassiana was the most effective pathogen. This novel approach encompasses both measuring the effectiveness of enzymes and the application of fungus using various formula types, which is beneficial for the advancement of commercial fungal biopesticide products. These results suggest that when fungi are produced efficiently, the enzymes they produce help reduce aphid populations, providing additional reasons to use EPF for sustainable pest control.