Game-Based Optimal Scheduling of the Integrated Energy Park, Aggregator, and Utility Considering Energy Supply Risk

To address the issues of benefit coordination and energy supply risk management in energy trading between integrated energy parks and the main grid utility, this paper proposes a bi-level game-based optimal scheduling model for the electricity–heat–hydrogen integrated energy system considering energy supply risks. A bi-level game framework of the integrated energy park (IEP), aggregator, and utility is firstly built, where the aggregator acts as an intermediary coordination entity. The upper-level and lower-level game models, the trading strategies between the aggregator and the utility, as well as the trading strategies between the aggregator and the IEP, are, respectively, optimized after achieving the equilibrium. Furthermore, a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR)-based energy supply risk quantification model is introduced to characterize the operational risks caused by differences in traded energy quantities and then is incorporated into the proposed game-based optimal scheduling model. Finally, a bi-level game-based optimal scheduling model of the IEP, aggregator, and utility considering energy supply risk is proposed. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively reduce the operating cost of the utility, reasonably allocate the benefit of the aggregator and the IEP, and can effectively balance energy supply risk and social welfare maximization of the electricity–heat–hydrogen integrated energy system.