Knowledge-level comparison in pulpal and periapical diseases: dental students versus artificial intelligence models (Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o): cross-sectional study

Chatbots exhibited varying levels of accuracy in diagnosing pulpal and periapical diseases. ChatGPT-4o performed at a level similar to that of more clinically experienced students, suggesting its potential as a supportive tool in dental education and clinical decision support systems. However, the relatively lower accuracy rates of models such as Gemini and Microsoft Copilot underscore the continued importance of human expertise. These findings suggest that while AI systems may serve as complementary tools in education, they cannot fully replace clinical judgment grounded in human experience.