Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings

Safe evacuation in high-occupancy buildings during extreme disaster events is a complex systems problem involving dynamic interactions among multiple factors. Conventional static evaluation methods, however, are limited in capturing the underlying evolution mechanisms. To address this gap, this study develops an integrated framework that combines static multi-criteria evaluation with dynamic evacuation simulation. From a “human–facility–environment” perspective, a multidimensional indicator system is established, encompassing building physical features, equipment configuration, and management performance. The entropy weight method is employed to objectively determine indicator weights, and the TOPSIS method is applied to conduct a comprehensive static assessment. On this basis, BIM and Pathfinder are used to perform microscopic evacuation simulations, and the dynamic performance data obtained are fed back into the evaluation system to verify and adjust the static results. The results show that dynamic simulation not only validates the reliability of the static evaluation but also uncovers nonlinear mechanisms and coupling effects among safety indicators during evacuation. By integrating digital simulation techniques with multi-criteria decision-making methods, this study improves the scientific rigor of safety evaluation and provides new insights for research and practice in building safety.