Comparative Evaluation of Ethanol and Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis for Oral Formulation: PhytochemicalProfile, Antioxidative Property, and Gastrointestinal Digestive Enzyme Inhibition

Both EE-MP and SFE-MP exhibited promising antioxidant and digestive enzymeinhibitory activities, supporting their potential in metabolic disease management. While ethanol extraction yielded higher phenolic and flavonoid content, the SFE-derived extract demonstrated slightly enhanced bioactivity and offered the added advantages of a cleaner, solvent-free, and environmentally sustainable process. These findings highlight the suitability of SFE-MP for the development of high-purity oral formulations aimed at regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.