Lessons learned from compiling a flora checklist for the Cape Peninsula, South Africa

Checklists form an important component of biodiversity conservation, underpinning species monitoring, conservation planning and management prioritisation. Developing an accurate and taxonomically up-to-date plant checklist for a protected area requires the integration of diverse datasets, verification of species names and careful data management. Using the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, as a case study, we outline key steps and considerations in curating a comprehensive checklist for protected area management. We compiled data from multiple sources, including herbaria, museum collections, local conservation agencies, non-governmental organisations, universities, private conservancies, historical surveys and citizen science platforms such as iNaturalist. Key recommendations for checklist development include: (1) defining the geographic and taxonomic scope of the checklist, (2) identifying data sources, (3) optimising database design with standardised data collection and essential metadata fields, (4) having a verifiable taxonomic backbone, and (5) a clear workflow for working through each data source. In this process, it is important to retain, but flag erroneous records rather than deleting them, make provision for correctly assigning status information to extralimital and alien species, and use a local taxonomic expert to assist in decision-making required for resolving errors. Challenges encountered during the compilation of the checklist include resolving taxonomic inconsistencies, handling misidentifications, addressing orthographical errors in plant names and filtering out cultivated records from naturally occurring species – particularly in iNaturalist data. Our methodology provides practical guidelines to minimise these challenges, aligning with international best practices for checklist compilation and maintenance. By ensuring data completeness, accuracy and taxonomic consistency, we offer a framework that can benefit future biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts. Conservation implications: Accurate species checklists are crucial for informed conservation decisions. Standardised protocols for data validation and taxonomic accuracy enhance the reliability of biodiversity assessments, ultimately improving conservation outcomes in protected areas.