Efficiency of Multi-level Agricultural Technologies of Grain Crops in the Omsk Irtysh Region

This research was carried out in stationary field experiments in the southern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region (Omsk district) in 2003–2023. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of multi-level agricultural technologies on the water and nutrient regimes of soil, weed infestation, the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenoses, and grain yield and quality. The experimental design included predecessors, soil cultivation systems, and different levels of intensity of agricultural technologies for grain crops: extensive level (without using fertilizers and plant protection products), normal level (treatment of crops with a tank mixture of herbicides), semi-intensive level (application of N60P60 and treatment with herbicides), and intensive level (use of N60P60, herbicides, and fungicides). In the variant with intensive agricultural technology, the weed infestation of crops decreases by 3.3–4.7 times compared to the control; at the same time, the amount of weeds increases after removing grain crops from fallow land and minimizing soil cultivation. The highest yield of spring wheat in the experiment has been formed in the variant with intensive agricultural technology on a fallow predecessor on moldboard and combined soil cultivation systems and amounted to 4.18–4.22 t/ha. The increase in yield from the use of chemicals can be arranged in the following ascending order: 0.35 t/ha from fertilizers, 0.39 t/ha from herbicides, 0.74 t/ha from herbicides and fertilizers, and 0.89 t/ha from fungicides and 2.01 t/ha from a set of intensification agents. The use of semi-intensive and intensive agricultural technologies has shown an advantage for combined resource-saving tillage in crop rotation: 2.16–2.86 tons of grain from 1 ha of arable land, which is 0.28 t/ha higher than the minimum-zero. Grain quality significantly improved with intensive agricultural technology compared to extensive technology (natural weight, by 750–762 g/L, protein, by 13.1–14.6%, and gluten, by 26.4–29.4%); the content of residual quantities of ecotoxicants has not been found in the products.