A narrative theoretical review of research on factors associated with media use and mental health among adolescents and emerging adults

Purpose This narrative theoretical review aims to examine the relationship between digital media use and mental health outcomes among adolescents and emerging adults. Guided by the ecological systems theory as the overarching framework, it integrates developmental, motivational and psychosocial perspectives to explore risk factors, support mechanisms and moderating influences that shape this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Joanna Briggs Institute criteria to guide the identification and appraisal of relevant studies. A selective but comprehensive synthesis of 47 empirical and theoretical works across psychology, education and media studies was conducted, with emphasis placed on theoretical integration to interpret evidence. Findings Digital media can foster social connection, identity exploration and skill development, but it is also linked to anxiety, depression, suicidal behaviors and problematic use. Risk factors include unmet psychological needs, excessive screen time and cyberbullying. Support factors such as digital literacy, privacy management, supportive relationships and parental mediation can buffer adverse outcomes. Age, gender and sociodemographic factors further moderate these associations. Research limitations/implications The narrative approach is interpretive. Future research should adopt longitudinal and cross-cultural designs and examine emerging influences such as artificial intelligence in media environments. Practical implications The findings support media literacy initiatives, parental guidance strategies, peer-based interventions and policy measures that promote healthier digital engagement. Originality/value By positioning ecological systems theory as the central framework, the review provides a more coherent and balanced account of risks and support in digital engagement. It underscores the need to consider both harms and benefits when evaluating media use and mental health.