Workplace experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other employees in South Africa

Background: Despite progress in global campaigns supporting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, asexual, and other (+) (LGBTQIA+) rights, many LGBTQIA+ employees continue to face discrimination, harassment and violence, especially in countries where same-sex relationships remain criminalised. In South Africa, although legal protections exist, societal and workplace challenges persist, particularly in industries such as telecommunications. Objectives: This study explored the lived workplace experiences of LGBTQIA+ employees in South African telecommunications companies, examining how organisational culture shaped inclusion and whether diversity and inclusion initiatives effectively supported them. Methods: A mixed-methods approach, grounded in queer theory and institutional theory, was used. Phase one involved reflective diaries with participants, followed by in-depth interviews. Phase two employed thematic analysis to identify patterns in participant experiences. Results: Findings revealed ongoing challenges, including discrimination, harassment and limited organisational support. Some participants resigned as a coping mechanism. Trust and psychological safety were significant. The industry’s reluctance to engage in the research also highlighted broader issues of openness and inclusion. Conclusion: The study provides empirical insights into the experiences of LGBTQIA+ employees in South Africa, highlighting systemic barriers to inclusion and organisational challenges in supporting diversity. Contribution: This research offers a conceptual framework informed by queer and institutional theory for understanding workplace inclusion. It contributes to Management, Business Ethics, and Sociology literature and provides recommendations for creating safer, more inclusive organisational environments, with a call for further research across other sectors.