From capacity maximization to flagship train optimization: a novel framework for brand-oriented railway timetabling

Purpose This study investigates the impact of flagship trains on high-speed railway capacity utilization and develops a brand value-oriented optimization framework that balances service quality enhancement with operational efficiency. Design/methodology/approach A mathematical optimization model based on integer programming is developed, incorporating flagship train constraints into capacity optimization. Case studies compare scenarios with and without flagship train considerations using the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway data across 20 experimental groups. Findings Operating flagship trains with hourly departure constraints results in an average decrease of 0.9 trains and an 8.4% reduction in capacity utilization rate. When scheduling 2 flagship trains within a 2-h timeframe, capacity utilization decreases from 86.43% to 83.73%, quantifying the trade-off between brand positioning and operational capacity. Originality/value This research provides the first quantitative framework for brand value-oriented railway capacity optimization, establishing clear definitions for flagship trains and mathematical foundations for evaluating service quality versus efficiency trade-offs. The findings offer practical decision support for railway operators balancing competitive positioning with capacity maximization.