Sterilization and Disinfection in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

This systematic review explores recent advancements in sterilization and disinfection practices in dentistry, underscoring their critical role in infection control. Conventional techniques—such as autoclaving, dry heat sterilization, and chemical disinfection—have long been the cornerstone of dental hygiene but face challenges including limited biofilm efficacy, instrument degradation, and toxicity risks. Emerging technologies offer promising alternatives: plasma sterilization and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) enable low-temperature, residue-free sterilization; ozone-based systems provide eco-friendly disinfection; nanotechnology introduces long-lasting antimicrobial agents; and artificial intelligence (AI) ensures protocol compliance through real-time monitoring. While these innovations enhance microbial efficacy, reduce toxicity, and align with updated CDC guidelines, their adoption is hindered by high costs, infrastructure demands, and a need for standardized protocols. The review highlights the need for wider implementation, professional training, and regulatory harmonization to ensure optimal infection control and patient safety in dental practice.