Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay‐Derived Methods for Biomarker Detection

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has become an indispensable tool for biomarker detection in clinical diagnosis owing to its high specificity, sensitivity, and throughput. However, the sensitivity of conventional ELISA remains insufficient for detecting extremely low biomarker levels during the early stages of disease, limiting its utility in early diagnosis. To address this, emerging strategies, such as the integration of plasma technology and nanomaterials, have given rise to innovative ELISA derivatives capable of trace biomarker detection. This review outlines the fundamental principles of ELISA and categorizes recent derivative techniques based on the core operational steps of ELISA, comprising four components: solid‐phase matrix, recognition, amplification, and signal detection. We systematically examine the current research progress and limitations of various methods, offering new perspectives for the future development of ELISA technology.