A comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the cellular immune response specific to the spike protein in healthcare workers vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2– ORCHESTRA Project
No distinct relationship between CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets was observed post-vaccination. However, specific dynamic changes in vaccine-induced T cells were identified showing clear dose- and time-dependence. Finally, the median level of CD8+CD154+ lymphocytes, indicative of activated T cells, was significantly associated with infection incidence and may represent a reliable predictive biomarker. This study provides evidence that the vaccine-induced anti-spike cellular immune response should be considered when making vaccination decisions, as it has predictive value for infection risk.
Authors
- Maria Grazia Lourdes Monaco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4951-2528)
- Stefano Ugel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-7608)
- Angela Carta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-8765)
- Sofia Pavanello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5229-9900)
- Angelina Konnova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-8026)
- Maria Diletta Pezzani
- Marcella Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-3448)
- Akshita Gupta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8687-7350)
- Gianluca Spiteri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8536-7095)
- Vincenzo Bronte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5141)
- Jana Oravec Bérešová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-5866)
- Shari Wouters
- Stefano Porru (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-7202)
- Eleonóra Fabiánová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8427)
- Marco Dell’Omo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-9893)
- Giuseppe Verlato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-8818)
- Francesco De Sanctis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-7585)
- Filippo Liviero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4497-9287)
- Samir Kumar‐Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-6732)
- Francesca Larese Filon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-0417)
- Pierpaolo Marchetti
Institutions
- University of Verona (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (SK)
- Infectious Diseases Institute (UG)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Published
- 2025-11-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1707449
- Primary Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Università degli Studi di Verona