Global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to second-hand smoke exposure from 1992 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis and 25-year mortality projections

SHS exposure continues to be a significant factor in the disease burden of TBL cancer. Although there has been an overall declining trend globally, it still caused the deaths of more than 97,000 people in 2021. There exists considerable heterogeneity among regions, with some areas still bearing a substantial disease burden. These findings highlight the need for specific prevention and control strategies to mitigate the health impacts of SHS exposure.