The evolution and significance of embolization efficiency index (EEI) during transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization procedure: a pilot study based on computational fluid dynamics

This proof-of-concept study suggests that, in this model, EEI is primarily influenced by outlet pressure and vascular anatomy, rather than inflow dynamics. These findings call into question the conventional emphasis on flow modulation, pointing to the potential value of pressure-aware strategies and superselective catheter placement near targets. Based on the analyzed case, the study offers quantitative thresholds and spatial EEI gradients that could help refine TAE precision and potentially reduce complications. With further validation, integrating such CFD-based EEI metrics into procedural planning may contribute to standardizing embolization protocols.