Anti-inflammatory activity of <i>Clonostachys rosea</i> culture medium extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of a Clonostachys rosea culture medium extract (CR).To assess its bioactivity, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were employed as an in vitro inflammation model.Cytotoxicity testing revealed that CR exhibited no toxicity at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 g/mL.In contrast, CR markedly suppressed the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 in a dose-dependent manner.Consistently, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 were significantly reduced, indicating effective inhibition of inflammatory mediator synthesis.Furthermore, CR treatment downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, supporting its potent anti-inflammatory activity.Collectively, these findings suggest that CR possesses promising pharmacological potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.