Evolution of low-karstified rock-blocks and their influence on reservoir leakage: a modelling perspective

Abstract. Hydraulic structures such as dams and reservoirs pose significant construction challenges in karst areas due to severe and costly leakage issues. In this study, we apply a numerical model to test the hypothesis that karst aquifers in water divide areas may contain intrinsically low-karstified rock-blocks (LKB), which form due to the specific evolution of unconfined aquifer with recharge distributed to the water table. We develop, test, and apply a model of flow, transport, and dissolution in a 2D fracture network with a fluctuating water table. The model's structure and boundary conditions are based on the conceptualization of the Luojiaao (China) interfluve aquifer. First, we simulate the evolution of an unconfined network, representing the interfluve, up to a stage resembling the present conditions at Luojiaao. We then analyse leakage through the evolved aquifer from a reservoir at different water levels and simulate further aquifer evolution under reservoir conditions. Our results demonstrate the formation of the LKB and highlight its role in mitigating leakage.