Investigating Warm-Season Heatwaves Along the Lithuanian Baltic Sea Coast Applying Copernicus Datasets

Extreme events have become an integral aspect of the unusually intensified climate change characterizing this century. This study examines extreme heat waves and tropical nights—phenomena historically uncommon in the mid-latitude Southeastern Baltic Sea region. Extreme heat and heat waves are defined as any period during which the daily maximum air temperature exceeds 30 °C, and a tropical night is one in which the daily minimum air temperature does not fall below 20 °C. Both in situ observations and model output from the Copernicus Climate Change Service were employed in the 1982–2024 analysis. The results reveal that the frequency of extreme heat waves is increasing. Since 2018, the southeastern Baltic Sea coast has experienced at least one extreme heat wave and one tropical night each year. The observed rise in mean air and sea-surface temperatures has driven an uptick in tropical night occurrence. Forecasts of tropical-night formation could be substantially improved by integrating sea-surface temperature assessments for the southeastern Baltic coast. Moreover, timely adaptation to evolving weather conditions—through enhanced forecasting techniques and the incorporation of high-resolution reanalysis datasets—is essential for optimizing early-warning systems capable of safeguarding human health and lives. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of heat waves, posing significant challenges to public health, the economy, the environment, and infrastructure. Therefore, advancing the understanding of extreme heat events through the use of cutting-edge technologies, remote sensing, and Copernicus reanalysis data represents a key sustainability task. Such approaches enable more accurate assessments and forecasts of extremes, thereby supporting a safer, healthier, and more resilient future.