Analysis of Multitrophic Biodiversity Patterns in the Irtysh River Basin Based on eDNA Metabarcoding

In freshwater ecosystems, cross-trophic interactions among biological communities underpin ecosystem stability and functionality. In arid and semi-arid rivers, however, hydrological fluctuations, invasive species, and other perturbations exacerbate the complexity of biological processes. To systematically assess the community structure of fish, eukaryotic plankton, and prokaryotic microorganism in the Irtysh River basin, this study employed environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding for monitoring. High-throughput sequencing of taxa within the study area was conducted via eDNA metabarcoding, coupled with random forest and linear mixed models to dissect the effects of community structure. The eDNA approach effectively unraveled spatial patterns of biodiversity and identified taxon-specific diversity hotspots: invasive fish exerted a facilitative effect on algae and suppressed the richness of protozoa, fungi, and heterotrophic microorganisms, yet had minimal impact on the dominant structure of autotrophic microorganisms. These findings provide a scientific basis for basin-scale ecological management, emphasizing the necessity of balancing habitat preservation and invasive-species control to safeguard ecosystem functionality.