A cross-sectional study on factors associated with oral health behaviors in lower primary school students using social cognitive theory

This study underscores the significant role of parental involvement and education in overcoming barriers to oral health and enhancing self-efficacy and outcome expectations in oral health of lower primary school students. Future interventions should prioritize cultivating supportive family environments, reducing the negative impact of perceived barriers on lower primary school students, and enhancing their self-efficacy to improve children's oral hygiene habits.