Acid neutralization and metal mobilization in oil sands froth treatment tailings

Acid generation and metal(loid) release are growing considerations for oil sands mine closure in northern Alberta, Canada. Oxidative weathering of pyrite-bearing froth treatment tailings (FTT) has potential to promote acid generation and metal(loid) release. However, the acid-neutralization reactions and their influence on pore-water pH and metal(loid) mobility have not yet been reported. Laboratory column experiments examined acid-neutralization reactions and metal(loid) release for variably weathered (i.e., non-weathered, partially weathered, highly weathered) FTT samples collected from a commercial-scale beach deposit. Solvent-washed and non-solvent-washed splits of each sample were included to assess the influence of residual hydrocarbons. Acidic influent (i.e., 0.05 M H₂SO₄; pH ~ 1.5) was continuously pumped through each column, and effluent samples were collected for geochemical analysis over time. Effluent pH decreased from ~ 7.0 to 5.5 over the first 5 pore volumes for the non-weathered and partially weathered columns, while gradual pH decreases to ~ 4.5 were observed over the following 30 to 70 pore volumes. Subsequent decreases in effluent pH from ~ 4.5 to < 3.0 occurred over the next 2 to 5 pore volumes for these columns. In contrast, effluent pH consistently remained below 2.0 for the highly weathered columns. We attribute these effluent pH trends to the dissolution of Ca- and Mg-bearing carbonates (pH ~ 6.5 to 6), Fe-bearing carbonates (pH ~ 5.6 to 4.5), Al (oxy)hydroxides (pH ~ 4.5 to 4.0), and silicates (pH < ~ 2). Corresponding increases in effluent concentrations of Fe (< 1 to > 500 mg L^{- 1}), Al (< 0.1 to > 10 mg L^{- 1}), Si (< 0.1 to > 10 mg L^{- 1}), and additional metal(loid)s (e.g., Ni, Zn, V, As) were observed with decreasing pH. Cumulative mass releases (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe) were greatest for the non-weathered samples and solvent-washed splits. These results offer new insights into relationships between acid neutralization reactions and metal(loid) release that can inform FTT management and reclamation.